|
Gravestone
Weathering Data
|
Clacton
|
Oxford
|
Maldon
|
Inland
Rural
|
Wolverhampton
|
Swansea
|
Birmingham
(Jewelry Quarter)
|
Birmingham
(Lodge Hill)
|
|
Age
|
Depth
(mm)
|
Age
|
Depth
(mm)
|
Age
|
Depth
(mm)
|
Age
|
Depth
(mm)
|
Age
|
Depth
(mm)
|
Age
|
Depth
(mm)
|
Age
|
Depth
(mm)
|
Age
|
Depth
(mm)
|
|
84
|
0.63
|
107
|
1.025
|
87
|
0.71
|
109
|
0.515
|
86
|
0.697
|
95
|
4.239
|
70
|
0.78875
|
96
|
0.62083
|
|
69
|
0.445
|
98
|
1.2
|
112
|
0.625
|
116
|
0.28
|
91
|
0.683
|
60
|
1.894
|
115
|
1.98714
|
97
|
0.83667
|
|
76
|
0.475
|
97
|
1.205
|
108
|
0.72
|
70
|
0.255
|
65
|
0.73
|
94
|
3.42
|
127
|
2.12875
|
67
|
0.52417
|
|
75
|
0.505
|
104
|
1.33
|
100
|
0.65
|
45
|
0.435
|
75
|
0.396
|
72
|
1.728
|
104
|
1.64
|
98
|
1.0825
|
|
65
|
0.53
|
104
|
1.46
|
96
|
0.72
|
110
|
0.365
|
40
|
0.27
|
91
|
3.02
|
74
|
1.775
|
98
|
0.6925
|
|
60
|
0.34
|
97
|
0.495
|
99
|
0.645
|
86
|
0.405
|
48
|
0.327
|
44
|
0.531
|
100
|
2.75875
|
93
|
0.59917
|
|
45
|
0.295
|
97
|
1.47
|
57
|
0.3
|
105
|
0.43
|
43
|
0.333
|
32
|
0.275
|
64
|
0.89375
|
84
|
0.5975
|
|
51
|
0.25
|
102
|
1.35
|
47
|
0.28
|
110
|
0.535
|
63
|
0.433
|
81
|
3.37
|
125
|
3.02625
|
97
|
1.085
|
|
92
|
0.735
|
95
|
0.86
|
93
|
0.5
|
108
|
0.445
|
67
|
0.446
|
75
|
1.816
|
117
|
2.7075
|
96
|
0.70833
|
|
92
|
0.72
|
87
|
0.355
|
102
|
0.65
|
113
|
0.45
|
107
|
0.632
|
86
|
2.951
|
71
|
1.63625
|
85
|
0.56667
|
|
94
|
0.665
|
87
|
1.005
|
94
|
0.58
|
58
|
0.115
|
107
|
0.604
|
71
|
1.789
|
117
|
2.705
|
95
|
0.74333
|
|
91
|
0.675
|
92
|
0.78
|
87
|
0.605
|
69
|
0.265
|
102
|
0.618
|
98
|
1.65
|
79
|
1.28125
|
90
|
0.72417
|
|
92
|
0.725
|
88
|
0.96
|
97
|
0.695
|
105
|
0.475
|
104
|
0.574
|
54
|
0.671
|
132
|
1.4675
|
94
|
0.77
|
|
93
|
0.695
|
95
|
0.745
|
102
|
0.64
|
88
|
0.44
|
93
|
0.57
|
92
|
2.269
|
118
|
2.96125
|
92
|
0.7425
|
|
93
|
0.68
|
96
|
0.74
|
85
|
0.6
|
88
|
0.375
|
55
|
0.335
|
60
|
1.016
|
77
|
2.7875
|
77
|
0.66917
|
|
92
|
0.655
|
92
|
0.775
|
80
|
0.5
|
72
|
0.195
|
|
|
99
|
3.985
|
62
|
0.71925
|
94
|
0.60083
|
|
90
|
0.66
|
93
|
0.395
|
92
|
0.575
|
110
|
0.425
|
|
|
94
|
3.373
|
60
|
1.25125
|
79
|
0.47417
|
|
92
|
0.725
|
93
|
0.86
|
78
|
0.535
|
116
|
0.45
|
|
|
69
|
1.661
|
|
|
65
|
0.3625
|
|
89
|
0.765
|
88
|
0.985
|
84
|
0.585
|
78
|
0.335
|
|
|
101
|
4.544
|
|
|
97
|
0.74833
|
|
88
|
0.63
|
90
|
0.63
|
62
|
0.365
|
70
|
0.275
|
|
|
88
|
3.684
|
|
|
85
|
0.63667
|
|
88
|
0.595
|
88
|
0.995
|
108
|
0.775
|
44
|
0.07
|
|
|
108
|
3.086
|
|
|
92
|
0.7975
|
|
90
|
0.67
|
92
|
1.125
|
70
|
0.39
|
74
|
0.25
|
|
|
24
|
0.285
|
|
|
78
|
0.68
|
|
79
|
0.635
|
91
|
0.995
|
91
|
0.59
|
70
|
0.04
|
|
|
83
|
1.771
|
|
|
95
|
0.66083
|
|
80
|
0.755
|
88
|
0.95
|
84
|
0.64
|
110
|
0.345
|
|
|
40
|
0.475
|
|
|
86
|
0.6325
|
|
86
|
0.735
|
95
|
1.04
|
88
|
0.515
|
83
|
0.41
|
|
|
79
|
2.808
|
|
|
59
|
0.43
|
|
79
|
0.5
|
90
|
0.993
|
82
|
0.605
|
72
|
0.165
|
|
|
49
|
1.69
|
|
|
43
|
0.32917
|
|
82
|
0.5
|
84
|
0.95
|
66
|
0.545
|
49
|
0.07
|
|
|
31
|
0.585
|
|
|
91
|
0.6125
|
|
78
|
0.56
|
86
|
1.035
|
92
|
0.695
|
129
|
0.58
|
|
|
67
|
1.635
|
|
|
82
|
0.5875
|
|
86
|
0.535
|
82
|
0.91
|
89
|
0.71
|
71
|
0.285
|
|
|
40
|
0.436
|
|
|
71
|
0.49833
|
|
82
|
0.545
|
82
|
0.985
|
79
|
0.53
|
58
|
0.15
|
|
|
66
|
2.004
|
|
|
95
|
0.47083
|
|
78
|
0.53
|
78
|
0.576
|
71
|
0.345
|
58
|
0.115
|
|
|
88
|
3.166
|
|
|
64
|
0.385
|
|
82
|
0.495
|
81
|
0.64
|
68
|
0.385
|
63
|
0.1
|
|
|
73
|
2.225
|
|
|
94
|
0.87833
|
|
80
|
0.755
|
84
|
0.775
|
72
|
0.555
|
67
|
0.29
|
|
|
43
|
0.506
|
|
|
81
|
0.61
|
|
82
|
0.575
|
79
|
0.565
|
68
|
0.35
|
62
|
0.095
|
|
|
99
|
3.025
|
|
|
83
|
0.5775
|
|
67
|
0.58
|
80
|
0.51
|
59
|
0.305
|
56
|
0.115
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79
|
0.59667
|
|
67
|
0.49
|
83
|
0.635
|
98
|
0.595
|
54
|
0.095
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52
|
0.3475
|
|
73
|
0.365
|
86
|
0.95
|
112
|
0.76
|
53
|
0.095
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
88
|
0.8775
|
|
70
|
0.41
|
85
|
0.955
|
100
|
0.64
|
61
|
0.13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
88
|
0.6325
|
|
67
|
0.455
|
85
|
0.64
|
84
|
0.655
|
78
|
0.36
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
73
|
0.5125
|
|
67
|
0.33
|
82
|
0.855
|
85
|
0.59
|
68
|
0.06
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47
|
0.29833
|
|
67
|
0.495
|
82
|
0.91
|
83
|
0.685
|
67
|
0.195
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
67
|
0.50667
|
|
67
|
0.51
|
83
|
1.035
|
82
|
0.64
|
57
|
0.165
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
48
|
0.7
|
|
67
|
0.36
|
80
|
0.64
|
82
|
0.665
|
73
|
0.13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
38
|
0.4375
|
|
67
|
0.5
|
77
|
0.57
|
82
|
0.495
|
90
|
0.38
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51
|
0.36333
|
|
67
|
0.455
|
79
|
0.985
|
91
|
0.695
|
61
|
0.36
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49
|
0.37083
|
|
67
|
0.47
|
78
|
0.845
|
96
|
0.7
|
73
|
0.26
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49
|
0.44667
|
|
69
|
0.495
|
72
|
0.475
|
95
|
0.575
|
97
|
0.32
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30
|
0.17833
|
|
69
|
0.5
|
72
|
0.505
|
84
|
0.705
|
46
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49
|
0.6075
|
|
68
|
0.425
|
74
|
0.453
|
82
|
0.705
|
46
|
0.06
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
84
|
0.81083
|
|
62
|
0.405
|
73
|
0.46
|
79
|
0.453
|
46
|
0.04
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
86
|
1.03333
|
|
62
|
0.415
|
69
|
0.6
|
79
|
0.205
|
49
|
0.08
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80
|
1.12333
|
|
62
|
0.095
|
67
|
0.505
|
78
|
0.41
|
69
|
0.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
67
|
0.935
|
|
65
|
0.34
|
69
|
0.58
|
78
|
0.405
|
70
|
0.32
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
92
|
0.78083
|
|
59
|
0.31
|
70
|
0.43
|
84
|
0.585
|
73
|
0.35
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
72
|
0.57583
|
|
59
|
0.355
|
72
|
0.62
|
84
|
0.55
|
71
|
0.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90
|
0.76917
|
|
63
|
0.31
|
71
|
0.495
|
82
|
0.69
|
66
|
0.14
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90
|
1.00167
|
|
60
|
0.4
|
72
|
0.485
|
78
|
0.46
|
60
|
0.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
86
|
1.00333
|
|
63
|
0.38
|
76
|
0.575
|
67
|
0.395
|
59
|
0.155
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
80
|
0.89583
|
|
65
|
0.455
|
73
|
0.51
|
68
|
0.41
|
108
|
0.56
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
71
|
0.475
|
|
65
|
0.44
|
69
|
0.465
|
68
|
0.44
|
65
|
0.14
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
59
|
0.285
|
73
|
0.505
|
71
|
0.455
|
32
|
0.14
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
63
|
0.34
|
74
|
0.455
|
76
|
0.55
|
105
|
0.41
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55
|
0.29
|
69
|
0.56
|
74
|
0.425
|
68
|
0.075
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47
|
0.275
|
61
|
0.45
|
62
|
0.405
|
110
|
0.395
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50
|
0.28
|
65
|
0.475
|
66
|
0.34
|
134
|
0.585
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56
|
0.305
|
58
|
0.54
|
57
|
0.27
|
90
|
0.405
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52
|
0.265
|
65
|
0.47
|
58
|
0.295
|
46
|
0.05
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
50
|
0.265
|
66
|
0.52
|
58
|
0.305
|
58
|
0.12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47
|
0.26
|
65
|
0.55
|
66
|
0.395
|
74
|
0.29
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56
|
0.29
|
64
|
0.555
|
62
|
0.365
|
74
|
0.355
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
48
|
0.245
|
66
|
0.6
|
66
|
0.38
|
92
|
0.145
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52
|
0.235
|
66
|
0.56
|
65
|
0.365
|
62
|
0.135
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
54
|
0.25
|
64
|
0.345
|
62
|
0.4
|
58
|
0.14
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52
|
0.26
|
63
|
0.47
|
58
|
0.295
|
114
|
0.45
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
54
|
0.25
|
59
|
0.495
|
62
|
0.4
|
100
|
0.42
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51
|
0.245
|
57
|
0.43
|
65
|
0.345
|
114
|
0.465
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
54
|
0.24
|
63
|
0.365
|
57
|
0.275
|
59
|
0.12
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
53
|
0.275
|
61
|
0.45
|
58
|
0.265
|
68
|
0.145
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
64
|
0.355
|
65
|
0.52
|
57
|
0.285
|
69
|
0.26
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
76
|
0.505
|
59
|
0.44
|
46
|
0.215
|
63
|
0.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
84
|
0.78
|
59
|
0.415
|
56
|
0.265
|
74
|
0.295
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
90
|
0.66
|
51
|
0.285
|
53
|
0.22
|
72
|
0.195
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55
|
0.305
|
53
|
0.245
|
60
|
0.115
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55
|
0.37
|
52
|
0.215
|
97
|
0.425
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46
|
0.165
|
56
|
0.2
|
46
|
0.09
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49
|
0.235
|
54
|
0.255
|
69
|
0.29
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47
|
0.515
|
56
|
0.29
|
81
|
0.375
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
51
|
0.215
|
46
|
0.24
|
79
|
0.335
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49
|
0.305
|
54
|
0.245
|
66
|
0.265
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55
|
0.375
|
53
|
0.23
|
73
|
0.135
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46
|
0.245
|
56
|
0.265
|
67
|
0.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
53
|
0.43
|
56
|
0.295
|
67
|
0.195
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
55
|
0.42
|
44
|
0.2
|
68
|
0.14
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56
|
0.375
|
50
|
0.21
|
45
|
0.1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
54
|
0.195
|
51
|
0.2
|
62
|
0.13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56
|
0.235
|
49
|
0.225
|
55
|
0.11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49
|
0.175
|
52
|
0.255
|
59
|
0.125
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52
|
0.19
|
79
|
0.505
|
67
|
0.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49
|
0.19
|
68
|
0.4
|
80
|
0.36
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46
|
0.155
|
84
|
0.565
|
62
|
0.135
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Papers on gravestone
weathering rarely have the space to provide full details of the data used.
This page contains a set of gravestone data collected by the author. This
can be used for comparison with other studies undertaken across the country.
It is hoped that other studies will contribute to this dataset to try
to build up as extensive a spatial and temporal coverage as possible.
Some illustration of possible methods of analysis are also present. These
include graphical analysis and some suggestions for statistical analysis
of the data. Lastly, a table of weathering rates derived from pervious
gravestone studies is provided for comparison with any weathering projects
undertaken.
-
Data from graveyards
-
Methods of analysis
-
Table of weathering
rate from gravestones
All the above data
was collected using the lead lettering index method between the summer
of 1993 and the summer of 1998. All or part of this data has been used
in the papers by Cooke, Inkpen and Wiggs (1995), Inkpen (1998) and Inkpen
and Jackson (2000) (see gravestone bibliography for full details).
Possible forms of analysis
One of the key types
of analysis carried out on the above type of data is linear regression.
Following the idea that marble gravestones would weather mainly by dissolution,
it is thought that weathering loss would be linear. Most studies assume
that differences in the linear regression equations between sites represent
differences in the influence of different pollution histories. Inkpen
(1998) and Inkpen and Jackson (2000) point out that if loss is linear
over time it implies that changes in atmospheric pollution may not have
influenced weathering loss. If changes in atmospheric pollution had then
it might be expected that weathering loss say 100 years ago would be greater
than 50 years ago. This would be reflected in a curvilinear relationship
of weathering loss over time. Such a relationship is rarely observed.
Click on the appropriate location to view a linear regression of that
site.
These three examples
illustrate how weathering rates can vary between locations which are thought
to have different pollution histories. Swansea has the highest weathering
rate (the gradient of the regression line) at 47 microns per year, whilst
Oxford is much lower at 16 microns a year. Both these weathering rates
are higher than that found in the inland rural sites at 6 microns a year
(this site represents the amalgamated data from four villages, Cheddington,
Ivinghoe, Mentmore and Pitstone, all located to the east of Oxford). By
using analysis of covariance all the regression equations derived for
the sites above can be compared at the same time (see Inkpen and Jackson,
2000, for a fuller discussion of the various assumptions, pitfalls and
interpretation of such an analysis).
Weathering Rates From Previous Studies
As an aid for comparison
below is a table of weathering rates from other weathering studies studies.
|
Location
|
Stone
|
Method
|
Rate
(microns/year)
|
Reference
|
|
London
(Victoria)
|
Portland
Stone
|
Tablets,
2 year exposure
|
15.8
|
Jaynes
(1985)
|
|
Gravesend
|
Portland
Stone
|
Tablets,
2 year exposure
|
7.3
|
Jaynes
(1985)
|
|
Wormdale
(rural)
|
Portland
Stone
|
Tablets,
2 year exposure
|
5.8
|
Jaynes
(1985)
|
|
Avonmouth
|
Portland
Stone
|
Tablets,
2 year exposure
|
19.3
|
Inkpen
(1989)
|
|
Rotherham
|
Portland
Stone
|
Tablets,
2 year exposure
|
7.6
|
Inkpen
(1989)
|
|
Lincoln
|
Portland
Stone
|
Tablets,
2 year exposure
|
8.2
|
Inkpen
(1989)
|
|
Harthill
(rural)
|
Portland
Stone
|
Tablets,
2 year exposure
|
5.5
|
Inkpen
(1989)
|
|
Glentham
(rural)
|
Portland
Stone
|
Tablets,
2 year exposure
|
6.6
|
Inkpen
(1989)
|
|
Meadowfield
(Co. Durham)
|
Marble
|
Lead
lettering index
|
10
|
Attewell
and Taylor (1988)
|
|
Quebec
Village (Co. Durham) (rural)
|
Marble
|
Lead
lettering index
|
2
|
Attewell
and Taylor (1988)
|
|
Jarrow
(Co. Durham)
|
Marble
|
Lead
lettering index
|
9.5
|
Attewell
and Taylor (1988)
|
|
Philadelphia,
centre
|
Marble
|
Lead
lettering index
|
35
|
Feddema
and Meierding (1987)
|
|
Philadelphia,
20km from centre (rural)
|
Marble
|
Lead
lettering index
|
5
|
Feddema
and Meierding (1987)
|
|
Liege,
Belgium, industrial
|
Marble
|
Height
difference, siliceous veins and marble
|
3.65
|
Kupper
(1975)
|
|
Liege,
Belgium, urban
|
Marble
|
Height
difference, siliceous veins and marble
|
2.39
|
Kupper
(1975)
|
|
Liege,
Belgium, rural
|
Marble
|
Height
difference, siliceous veins and marble
|
1.2
|
Kupper
(1975)
|
|
Wollongong,
eastern Australia (industrial)
|
Marble
|
Lead
lettering index
|
2.5
|
Dragovich
(1986)
|
|
Sydney,
Australia
|
Marble
|
Lead
lettering index
|
1.7
|
Dragovich
(1986)
|
Page maintained
by:
interact@port.ac.uk
Page last updated: 07/03/01
|